Hydrogen embrittlement causes, effects and control methods.
Realizing the benefits of
taking TCO into consideration
for industrial cleaning
Table of Contents
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• Technical explanation of hydrogen diffusion and material failure
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• Key method to reduce the risk of hydrogen embrittlement in parts
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• Hydrogen embrittlement testing standards and failure analysis
What is hydrogen embrittlement and
how does it occur?
Hydrogen embrittlement is a process where metals lose their toughness due to the presence of hydrogen deposits in the metal. It can happen during manufacturing, welding or even through exposure to certain environments over time. When hydrogen atoms infiltrate a metal, they make it more susceptible to cracking and failure, even under normal stress conditions.
The chemistry behind hydrogen embrittlement
Technical explanation of hydrogen diffusion and material failure
Let’s get even more nerdy while we are at it. Hydrogen embrittlement occurs when hydrogen atoms diffuse into a metal’s structure and accumulate in areas of high stress. Over time, this weakens the metallic lattice, making it prone to cracking under mechanical loads. When stress is applied – whether from external forces or thermal expansion – the metal can suddenly fracture, leading to catastrophic failure.
Embrittlement can be divided into three key stages:
Hydrogen-rich absorption: Metals can absorb hydrogen in environments with high hydrogen concentrations, such as solutions with low pH.
Diffusion and accumulation: Here, the H-atoms roam through the metal’s grain boundaries and collect in areas of high tensile stress, forming voids or microcracks.
Crack growth and failure: Finally, as stress builds, these microcracks grow and eventually cause the metal to fracture, often in a brittle and unpredictable manner.
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Key method to reduce the risk of hydrogen embrittlement in parts
While hydrogen embrittlement cannot be entirely prevented, certain strategies can help reduce the risk and impact of this phenomenon on metal parts.
Selecting the right cleaning solutions
to minimize hydrogen absorption
One way to lower the risk of hydrogen embrittlement is by using proper cleaning solutions. The pH level of a cleaning solution plays a significant role in determining hydrogen absorption. When a metal part is cleaned with neutral to alkaline product (pH 7 or higher), the risk of hydrogen embrittlement is significantly lower compared to cleaning in an acidic environment.
Hydrogen embrittlement testing standards and failure analysis
Understanding how to detect and analyze hydrogen embrittlement is essential for preventing material failures. Several industry standards and testing methods have been developed to identify embrittlement in metal parts before they lead to catastrophic failure.
Industry testing standards for hydrogen embrittlement
Several standardized tests are used to detect hydrogen embrittlement and evaluate the susceptibility of metals to this phenomenon. Some of the most used testing methods include:
Electrochemical hydrogen charging test: In this test, a metal sample is exposed to an electrochemical environment where hydrogen is introduced. The material’s response is then analyzed to determine its vulnerability to embrittlement.
U-bend test: This method involves bending a metal specimen into a U-shape and exposing it to a hydrogen-rich environment. If embrittlement occurs, cracks will form in the metal over time.
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Analyzing hydrogen-induced failures in Metal parts
When metal component fails due to hydrogen embrittlement, conducting a thorough failure analysis is crucial for understanding the cause and improving future risk management strategies. The analysis typically involves:
Visual inspection: Identifying brittle fracture patterns, such as intergranular or triangular cracks, which indicate hydrogen embrittlement.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): Examining the fracture surfaces at a microscopic level to detect hydrogen-induced cracking characteristics.
Chemical analysis: Determining the presence of hydrogen within the failed component using spectroscopy techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray Sprectroscopy (EDS), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS).
Reviewing process conditions: Investigating the manufacturing, cleaning, and operational conditions that may have contributed to hydrogen absorption.
Having this systematic approach can help you to make informed decisions about material selection, process improvement, and risk-reduction measures to minimize the likelihood of embrittlement-related failures.
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How pH and acid exposure cause hydrogen embrittlement
Let’s return to the topic of pH levels. The chemical environment a metal part is exposed to has a huge impact on its susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. Acidic solutions, particularly those containing hydrochloric acid (HCl), promote hydrogen absorption into metal surfaces, increasing the risk of embrittlement, especially during cleaning processes.
How to best avoid hydrogen embrittlement?
If, for some reason, a large industrial cleaning baths over time lean towards acidity it will create an environment where metals are more vulnerable to embrittlement.
At DST-CHEMICALS, we recognize these challenges and take them seriously. That’s why 95% of our products are designed to work in neutral to slightly alkaline conditions. With our Product Selector Report from our in-house tech lab, we ensure that our cleaning solutions match your specific needs. Plus, we test our products on bath samples from your facility to guarantee the best performance. After all, if there is no chemistry, we’ll make it. How? We develop new optimized products based on feedback and demand from our customers.
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Temperature and pressure effects on hydrogen diffusion
Hydrogen diffusion isn’t just about chemistry; it’s also about physics. Temperature and pressure play a crucial role in how hydrogen atoms move within a metal. When metal components are exposed to high temperatures, hydrogen atoms become more mobile, increasing the risk of hydrogen accumulation in the metal structure and potentially risk of hydrogen embrittlement. In opposition, freezing conditions can create stress in the metal’s structure, influencing its susceptibility to cracking.
Consider a metal grid to structure: When exposed to freezing temperatures, internal stress builds up, sometimes leading to tiny fractures. The question is, does hydrogen disappear in these conditions? Not exactly. Hydrogen atoms remain within the metal, but their movement slows down. When the metal heats up again, hydrogen becomes mobile, and if the stress is high enough, cracking can occur.
That is why controlling temperature and pressure in industrial processes is essential. Sudden heating, rapid cooling, or prolonged exposure to high-pressure environments can all accelerate hydrogen embrittlement, making proper process control a key factor in reducing risk.
Questions and answers
What is hydrogen embrittlement, and how can it affect metal components?
Hydrogen embrittlement occurs when hydrogen atoms enter a metal structure, making it brittle and prone to cracking under stress. This can lead to unexpected failures in critical components like bolts, engine parts, and structural materials, reducing their strength and lifespan.
How can cleaning processes contribute to hydrogen embrittlement?
Cleaning processes that use acidic solutions increase hydrogen absorption into the metal, raising the risk of embrittlement. Over time, this weakens the material and can cause sudden fractures under mechanical stress.
What cleaning solutions can help prevent hydrogen embrittlement?
Neutral to alkaline cleaning solutions (pH 7 or higher) help minimize hydrogen absorption and lower the risk of embrittlement. At DST-CHEMICALS, our cleaning products are carefully formulated to maintain a safe pH range while ensuring effective cleaning.
How does the pH of cleaning solutions affect hydrogen embrittlement?
Acidic solutions promote hydrogen absorption, increasing the risk of embrittlement, while neutral to alkaline solutions to reduce the risk of hydrogen penetration. This is why industries that rely on metal durability choose pH-balanced cleaning solutions to maintain and extend the part’s functionality and lifespan.
Environmental, social and governance
At DST-CHEMICALS, sustainability is at the heart of everything we do. We engaged with key stakeholders, including our team of suppliers, to ensure we focused on what truly mattered. Ready to see the full picture? Keep an eye out for our ESG report, where we share the next steps in our journey to sustainability.